TIL coding
  • Initial page
  • 排版
  • Flexbox
  • Grid
  • jQuery
  • Untitled
  • JavaScript
    • An Introduction to JavaScript
    • Hello, world!
    • Code structure
    • The modern mode, "use strict"
    • Variables
    • Data types
    • Type Conversions
    • Operators
    • Comparisons
    • Interaction: alert, prompt, confirm
    • Conditional operators: if, '?'
    • Logical operators
    • Loops: while and for
    • The "switch" statement
    • Functions
    • Function expressions and arrows
    • JavaScript specials
    • Comments
    • Ninja code
    • Automated testing with mocha
    • Polyfills
    • Objects
    • Garbage collection
    • Symbol type
    • Object methods, "this"
    • Object to primitive conversion
    • Constructor, operator "new"
    • Methods of primitives
    • Numbers
    • Strings
    • Arrays
    • Array methods
    • Iterables
    • Map, Set, WeakMap and WeakSet
    • Object.keys, values, entries
    • Destructuring assignment
    • Date and time
    • JSON methods, toJSON
    • Recursion and stack
    • Rest parameters and spread operator
    • Closure
    • The old "var"
    • Global object
    • Function object, NFE
    • The "new Function" syntax
    • Scheduling: setTimeout and setInterval
    • Decorators and forwarding, call/apply
    • Function binding
    • Currying and partials
    • Arrow functions revisited
    • Property flags and descriptors
    • Property getters and setters
    • Prototypal inheritance
    • F.prototype
    • Native prototypes
    • Prototype methods, objects without __proto__
    • The “class” syntax
    • Class inheritance
    • Static properties and methods
    • Private and protected properties and methods
    • Extending built-in classes
    • Class checking: "instanceof"
    • Mixins
    • Error handling, "try..catch"
    • Custom errors, extending Error
    • Introduction: callbacks
    • Promise
    • Promises chaining
    • Error handling with promises
    • Promise API
  • Bootstrap
    • Navbar
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On this page
  • Callback in callback
  • Handling errors
  • Pyramid of Doom

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  1. JavaScript

Introduction: callbacks

// JavaScript 有許多函式都是異步
function loadScript(src) {
  let script = document.createElement('script');
  script.src = src;
  document.head.append(script);
}

// loads and executes the script
loadScript('/my/script.js');

// 新增 js 檔到 HTML 完成這行指令需要時間,js 會繼續執行其他程式嗎
loadScript('/my/script.js');
// the code below loadScript doesn't wait for the script loading to finish
// ...

// 因為加載腳本需要時間,如果立即使用腳本內的程式碼會出現錯誤,我們不知道何時腳本才加載完畢
loadScript('/my/script.js'); // the script has "function newFunction() {…}"
newFunction(); // no such function!

// 新增 callback 函式,當腳本加載完成後執行
function loadScript(src, callback) {
  let script = document.createElement('script');
  script.src = src;

  script.onload = () => callback(script);

  document.head.append(script);
}

// 如果要使用腳本內程式碼,要加在 callback 裡。
loadScript('/my/script.js', function() {
  // the callback runs after the script is loaded
  newFunction(); // so now it works
  ...
});

// 當動作執行完,執行第二個參數(函式)
function loadScript(src, callback) {
  let script = document.createElement('script');
  script.src = src;
  script.onload = () => callback(script);
  document.head.append(script);
}

loadScript('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lodash.js/3.2.0/lodash.js', script => {
  alert(`Cool, the ${script.src} is loaded`);
  alert( _ ); // function declared in the loaded script
});

Callback in callback

// 如何依序加載腳本,把加載第 2 個腳本放到 callback,加載完第 1 個會加載第 2 個。
loadScript('/my/script.js', function(script) {

  alert(`Cool, the ${script.src} is loaded, let's load one more`);

  loadScript('/my/script2.js', function(script) {
    alert(`Cool, the second script is loaded`);
  });

});

// 要加載一些腳本可以,若要加載很多腳本不適合
loadScript('/my/script.js', function(script) {

  loadScript('/my/script2.js', function(script) {

    loadScript('/my/script3.js', function(script) {
      // ...continue after all scripts are loaded
    });

  })

});

Handling errors

// 加載可能會失敗,因此要追蹤錯誤
function loadScript(src, callback) {
  let script = document.createElement('script');
  script.src = src;

  script.onload = () => callback(null, script);
  script.onerror = () => callback(new Error(`Script load error for ${src}`));

  document.head.append(script);
}

// 使用
loadScript('/my/script.js', function(error, script) {
  if (error) {
    // handle error
  } else {
    // script loaded successfully
  }
});

Pyramid of Doom

// 當我們加載很多腳本
loadScript('1.js', function(error, script) {

  if (error) {
    handleError(error);
  } else {
    // ...
    loadScript('2.js', function(error, script) {
      if (error) {
        handleError(error);
      } else {
        // ...
        loadScript('3.js', function(error, script) {
          if (error) {
            handleError(error);
          } else {
            // ...continue after all scripts are loaded (*)
          }
        });

      }
    })
  }
});

// 巢狀函式變多,程式碼越深層,越難維護,被稱為回調地獄
// 透過每一個動作編寫一個獨立函式解決這個問題,但程式碼很分散可讀性差,step* 都是單獨使用,
// 為了避免回調地獄產生的函數,只使用一次,造成函數命名混亂。
loadScript('1.js', step1);

function step1(error, script) {
  if (error) {
    handleError(error);
  } else {
    // ...
    loadScript('2.js', step2);
  }
}

function step2(error, script) {
  if (error) {
    handleError(error);
  } else {
    // ...
    loadScript('3.js', step3);
  }
}

function step3(error, script) {
  if (error) {
    handleError(error);
  } else {
    // ...continue after all scripts are loaded (*)
  }
};
PreviousCustom errors, extending ErrorNextPromise

Last updated 5 years ago

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