> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://mistborn.gitbook.io/til-coding/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://mistborn.gitbook.io/til-coding/javascript/arrow-functions-revisited.md).

# Arrow functions revisited

## Arrow functions have no “this”

```javascript
// 箭頭函式沒有 this 會從外部獲取
let group = {
  title: "Our Group",
  students: ["John", "Pete", "Alice"],

  showList() {
    this.students.forEach(
      student => alert(this.title + ': ' + student)
    );
  }
};

group.showList();

// forEach 執行函式預設 this = undefined
let group = {
  title: "Our Group",
  students: ["John", "Pete", "Alice"],

  showList() {
    this.students.forEach(function(student) {
      // Error: Cannot read property 'title' of undefined
      alert(this.title + ': ' + student)
    });
  }
};

group.showList();

// 箭頭函式不能使用建構函式
```

## Arrows have no “arguments”

```javascript
// 箭頭函式沒有 arguments 參數
function defer(f, ms) {
  return function() {
    setTimeout(() => f.apply(this, arguments), ms)
  };
}

function sayHi(who) {
  alert('Hello, ' + who);
}

let sayHiDeferred = defer(sayHi, 2000);
sayHiDeferred("John"); // Hello, John after 2 seconds

// 一般函式要這樣寫
function defer(f, ms) {
  return function(...args) {
    let ctx = this;
    setTimeout(function() {
      return f.apply(ctx, args);
    }, ms);
  };
}
```


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