Promise API

Promise.resolve

let promise = Promise.resolve(value);

// same
let promise = new Promise(resolve => resolve(value));

// example
function loadCached(url) {
  let cache = loadCached.cache || (loadCached.cache = new Map());

  if (cache.has(url)) {
    return Promise.resolve(cache.get(url)); // (*)
  }

  return fetch(url)
    .then(response => response.text())
    .then(text => {
      cache.set(url,text);
      return text;
    });
}

Promise.reject

let promise = Promise.reject(error);

// same
let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => reject(error));

Promise.all

let promise = Promise.all([...promises...]);

Promise.all([
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 3000)), // 1
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(() => resolve(2), 2000)), // 2
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(() => resolve(3), 1000))  // 3
]).then(alert); // 1,2,3 when promises are ready: each promise contributes an array member

// example
let urls = [
  'https://api.github.com/users/iliakan',
  'https://api.github.com/users/remy',
  'https://api.github.com/users/jeresig'
];

// map every url to the promise fetch(github url)
let requests = urls.map(url => fetch(url));

// Promise.all waits until all jobs are resolved
Promise.all(requests)
  .then(responses => responses.forEach(
    response => alert(`${response.url}: ${response.status}`)
  ));
  
// example
let names = ['iliakan', 'remy', 'jeresig'];

let requests = names.map(name => fetch(`https://api.github.com/users/${name}`));

Promise.all(requests)
  .then(responses => {
    // all responses are ready, we can show HTTP status codes
    for(let response of responses) {
      alert(`${response.url}: ${response.status}`); // shows 200 for every url
    }

    return responses;
  })
  // map array of responses into array of response.json() to read their content
  .then(responses => Promise.all(responses.map(r => r.json())))
  // all JSON answers are parsed: "users" is the array of them
  .then(users => users.forEach(user => alert(user.name)));
  
// 如果任何 promise 为 rejected，Promise.all 就会立即以 error reject，
// 其他 promise 会继续执行，并最终为 settle，但它们的结果会被忽略
Promise.all([
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000)),
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Whoops!")), 2000)),
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(() => resolve(3), 3000))
]).catch(alert); // Error: Whoops!

// iterable 中的任何一个不是 promise，它就会被封装进 Promise.resolve
Promise.all([
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000)
  }),
  2, // treated as Promise.resolve(2)
  3  // treated as Promise.resolve(3)
]).then(alert); // 1, 2, 3

Promise.allSettled

// 任何 promise 为 rejected，Promise.all 就会立即以 error reject
// 
Promise.all([
  fetch('/template.html'),
  fetch('/style.css'),
  fetch('/data.json')
]).then(render); // render method needs them all

// Promise.allSettled 會等到所有 promise 結束，即使有錯誤產生
// {status:"fulfilled", value:result} for successful responses,
// {status:"rejected", reason:error} for errors.
// example
let urls = [
  'https://api.github.com/users/iliakan',
  'https://api.github.com/users/remy',
  'https://no-such-url'
];

Promise.allSettled(urls.map(url => fetch(url)))
  .then(results => { // (*)
    results.forEach((result, num) => {
      if (result.status == "fulfilled") {
        alert(`${urls[num]}: ${result.value.status}`);
      }
      if (result.status == "rejected") {
        alert(`${urls[num]}: ${result.reason}`);
      }
    });
  });

// results in the line (*)
[
  {status: 'fulfilled', value: ...response...},
  {status: 'fulfilled', value: ...response...},
  {status: 'rejected', reason: ...error object...}
]

// polyfill
if(!Promise.allSettled) {
  Promise.allSettled = function(promises) {
    return Promise.all(promises.map(p => Promise.resolve(p).then(v => ({
      state: 'fulfilled',
      value: v,
    }), r => ({
      state: 'rejected',
      reason: r,
    }))));
  };
}

Promise.race

// 与 Promise.all 类似，所有的 promise 都是可迭代的，但不会等待所有都完成
// 只等待第一个完成（或者有 error），然后继续执行。
let promise = Promise.race(iterable);

// example
Promise.race([
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000)),
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Whoops!")), 2000)),
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(() => resolve(3), 3000))
]).then(alert); // 1